What security assistance programs are there besides Foreign Military Sales?

Foreign Military Construction Sales (FMCS) is a non-appropriated program administered by DSCA and authorized by AECA, section 29 (22 U.S.C. 2769), which designates the President to sell design and construction services to any eligible foreign country or international organization. The construction sales agreement and sales procedures generally parallel the FMS program and are usually implemented by the MILDEP civil engineering agencies.

MAP remains a current security assistance program because MAP-provided articles remain throughout the world. As such, these articles retain their End-Use Monitoring (EUM) requirements: their return to the USG when no longer needed and the return to the USG any proceeds from scrapping or sale to a third country.

Chapter 4, Part II of the FAA authorizes the Economic Support Fund (ESF). ESF is an appropriated program. Congress established this fund to promote economic and political stability in areas where the U.S. has special political and security interests. The U.S. has determined that economic assistance can be useful in helping to secure peace or to avert major economic or political crises. ESF is a flexible economic instrument available on a grant basis for a variety of purposes, including balance of payments support, infrastructure, and other capital and technical assistance development projects in addition to funding a variety of programs to enhance political stability. In earlier years, the ESF program included concessional (i.e., low-interest rate) loans as well as grants; recently, all ESF funds receive allocation as grant assistance. While a substantial amount of these ESF grants are used to provide balance of payments, the ESF also provides for programs aimed at primary needs in health, education, agriculture, and family planning. Where long-term political and economic stability is the primary concern, ESF finances projects that meet the basic needs of the poor.

Peacekeeping Operations (PKO) is an account designed to fund international and military security assistance programs related to critical peacekeeping, counterterrorism, stabilization efforts, and conflict. PKO information can be found in Chapter 6, Part II, of the FAA. Although the account is broad in scope and flexible in design, it is often overlooked as an SC tool to assist our international partners in peace operations and to further our national security interests. A few of the programs aligned under the PKO account and managed by the DOS Political-Military bureau include Global Peace Operations Initiative (GPOI), Trans-Sahara Counterterrorism Partnership (TSCTP), Partnership for Regional East Africa Counterterrorism (PREACT), and African Peacekeeping Rapid Response Partnership (APRRP).

GPOI was originally a Presidential initiative in coordination with other G-8 countries to increase the capacity of selected countries to deploy in support of international and United Nations peacekeeping operations. The initiative envisioned a five-year program (FYs 2005–2009) to train seventy-five thousand troops worldwide, with an emphasis in the Africa region and in building an African command headquarters capability. GPOI supports the deployment of peacekeepers by providing equipment, transportation, training, and sustainment in the field. Africa Contingency Operations Training and Assistance (ACOTA) was a GPOI-funded program led by civilian contractors and supported by DoW augmentees responsible for PKO training in Africa before the activation of USAFRICOM. ACOTA was previously funded by the FMFP account’s Enhanced International Peacekeeping Capabilities (EIPC) program.

Multinational Force and Observers (MFO), which implemented the 1979 Egyptian-Israeli peace treaty and the U.S. contribution to the United Nations Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP), also falls under PKO. Subsequent funding has been provided to support peacekeeping efforts in the Balkans, East Timor, sub-Saharan Africa, and the Darfur region of Sudan, South Sudan, and Somalia.

The International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement (INCLE) program is an appropriated grant program administered by the DOS. Authorized by Section 481, FAA, INCLE is designated to suppress the worldwide illicit manufacture and trafficking of narcotic and psychotropic drugs, money laundering, precursor chemical diversion, and the progressive elimination of the cultivation of any crops from which such drugs are derived. Recently, the elimination of related narco-terrorism was added. The INCLE program can include the purchase of defense articles, services, and training similar to the authorized and funded programs within the DoW and the Departments of Justice and Homeland Security.

The DOS administers a series of appropriated grant programs collectively known as the Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, Demining, and Related (NADR) programs. Part II, Chapters 8 and 9 of the FAA and Section 504 of the FREEDOM Support Act authorize NADR. Additionally, NADR activities include the clearance of unexploded ordnance; the destruction of small arms; border security; nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons of mass destruction (WMD); and other destabilizing weapons and missiles. Related defense articles, services, and training are available through this program. U.S. funding support for the International Atomic Energy Agency and the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Preparatory Commission is provided through this program. The DoW role in this program is that DOS can purchase demining, unexploded ordnance clearance, and anti-terrorism systems with this funding.